Clinical presentation

Viral aetiology

Specimens

Type of test

Conjunctivitis

Adenovirus

Enterovirus

Conjunctival swab in viral transport media

Virus isolation/PCR

Respiratory infection

Influenza A/B

RSV

Parainfluenza 1 to4

Adenovirus

Metapneumovirus

Nasopharyngeal aspirate/ Nasal swab

BAL

IF/ Virus Isolation

Multiplex PCR

Parotitis/ Orchitis

Mumps

Clotted blood

Urine/ saliva

Mumps IgM

PCR

Infectious mononucleosis

EBV

CMV

HHV 6

Clotted blood

EBV IgM

CMV IgM

Myocarditis

Enterovirus

CMV

Adenovirus

Clotted blood

Myocardial Biopsy in normal saline

Enterovirus IgM

CMV IgM

PCR

Meningitis

Enterovirus

HSV2

CSF/ Stool/ nasal swab

CSF

PCR/Virus isolation

Encephalitis

HSV1

EBV

VZV

WNV

Tick born encephalitis

CSF

PCR

Diarrhoea

Rotavirus

Norovirus

Adenovirus 40/41

Astrovirus

Stool

EIA/ latex agglutination

EM

PCR

Hepatitis/Jaundice

Hepatitis A

Hepatitis B

Hepatitis C

EBV

CMV

Clotted blood

Hepatitis A IgM

HBsAg

HCV antibody

EBV VCA IgM

CMV IgM

Joint pain

Parvovirus

Rubella

Sandfly fever

Clotted blood

Parvovirus IgM

Rubella IgM

Flavivirus IgG

Vesicular rash

Varicella Zoster

Herpes simplex

Enterovirus

Vesicular lesion

IF/PCR/Virus isolation

IF/PCR/Virus isolation

Virus Isolation/PCR

Maculopapular rash

Measles

Rubella

Parvovirus

Rarely EBV/CMV

Clotted blood

Clotted blood/ urine

Clotted blood

Clotted blood

Measles IgM

Rubella IgM

Parvovirus IgM

EBV VCA IgM/CMV IgM

Congenital abnormalities

CMV

Rubella

VZV

Clotted blood from the mother

Urine from the newborn or foetus or tissue

CMV IgM/Rubella IgM with IgG avidity

PCR/virus isolation

Haemorrhagic fever

Dengue

Lassa fever

CCHF

Hantanna virus

Clotted blood/urine/ blood in EDTA

Serological tests

PCR